The article contributes to solving the problem of removing difficulties in teaching English, caused by such a feature of English vocabulary as a large number of polysemantic words. The article describes a methodologically appropriate approach to the semantization stage in organizing the mastery of polysemantic lexemes of the English language at high stage of comprehensive school. The authors analyze the difficulties that a teacher faces in the process of implementing educational activities and substantiate the need to adjust the organization of the lesson taking into account the specifics of working with polysemantic vocabulary in the case of the presence of polysemantic lexical units in the list of words to be learned in addition to monosemic ones. As a basis for developing an approach to the special organization of the process of semantization of polysemantic lexemes, the authors consider the essence of the linguistic phenomenon of polysemy. The article presents the features of the phenomenon of polysemy, which are of fundamental importance for the development of the technological aspect of this approach. The authors adjust the list of methods traditionally proposed for semantization of vocabulary in foreign language lessons in accordance with the needs of the approach being developed, arguing the changes made with the characteristics of polysemantic words. The theoretical provisions of the study are illustrated in the article with examples of semantization of polysemantic lexical units proposed for assimilation in the teaching and methodological kit for senior school.

The article examines the ethical influence of Leo Tolstoy on the philosophical views of Ludwig Wittgenstein. It focuses on an analysis of the ideas set out in Tolstoy’s The Gospel in Brief, where a distinctive conception of the moral perfection of the person is formulated and the Gospel is understood as a practical guide to life. The article traces the biographical and intellectual connections between the two thinkers, including their engagement with the problems of faith, inner rebirth, and responsibility toward other people. It is shown that Wittgenstein’s turn to Tolstoy during the First World War became an important stage in his spiritual quest and influenced the formation of his views on conscience, guilt, and authentic life. Special attention is paid to comparing their views on the meaning of life, the possibility of attaining harmony with the world, and the role of art as a means of spiritual purification and self-restraint. The article explores how Tolstoy’s ideas of non-resistance to evil, the necessity of self-discipline, and radical stringency toward oneself were received by Wittgenstein and shaped his ethical and philosophical constructions, despite the cultural and historical distance between them, as well as the divergences in their intellectual traditions and in the philosophical and cultural context of their respective epochs.

The article analyzes metatheatrical reflection in Denis Diderot’s play “Le Fils naturel, ou les épreuves de la vertu” as one of the results of the French Enlightenment thinker’s theatrical reforms. The authors of the study characterize the innovative features of the comedy, which consist in the fact that the characters are aware of the performance of their roles, while being simulacra – artistic images that exist between reality and fiction. The article raises the question of how to achieve plausibility in a fictional text at the metatheatrical level. The main goal is to identify areas of double coding and describe their functions in the play. The authors conclude that the characters’ statements containing double codes can be addressed simultaneously to the author, reader, or viewer and interpreted by them accordingly. The role of paratextual elements, including the preface and director’s notes, which shape the recipient’s perception and reinforce the illusion of authenticity, is analyzed. Metatheatricality in the play is realized through the slowing down of the dramatic action, allowing the actor to reflect on the image he has created. The combination of a plausible image with elements of metatheatrical reflection indicates the presence in the play “Le Fils naturel, ou les épreuves de la vertu” of a special form of intellectual discourse in which the boundary between the fictional and the real is blurred.

This article is meant to outline the rhetorical specificities of public speaking in the multicultural Global English space. We come from the premise that there are some deeplyrooted linguacultural, ethical and aesthetic stereotypes of addressing the audience, typical of the representatives of different national communities. Thus, a public performance in China is mostly logical, laconic and data-bound, which can be proved by analyzing the phonostylistic peculiarities of presentations delivered by Chinese experts at various international public speaking events. The text, as a rule, is just read and is mostly devoid of any expressive-emotional-evaluative overtones. It is neutral, serious and unmarked enunciation, which satisfies the demands of the target audience (i.e. the Chinese addressees). This can be accounted for by a number of geographical, historical, philosophical and religious components of Chinese worldview, such as Confucianism, that dictate their own rules of both speech behavior and communication with the audience. The article is, therefore, meant to highlight that today the rhetorical efficacy in a multicultural English-speaking space in can hardly be achieved without a thorough understanding of the specificities typical of both the Eastern and the Western traditions of intellective communication.

This article examines the spatial meaning of the noun bottom, which is the basic component of its semantic structure. In our understanding, linguistic meaning as such is based on the idea of concept as a way of linguistic representation of a graphic image, which is a schematic reflection of the actual configuration of objects. The problem of using prepositions in phrases with bottom, which English language learners face, is related to the fact that the ways of conceptualizing space, peculiar to the Russian language consciousness, differ from those models used by native English speakers and which, accordingly, are reflected in the semantics of English words. The purpose of this study was to identify these differences and propose a description of concepts that would explain the patterns of using bottom in speech and have a predictive ability. As the analysis showed, the characteristic feature of this lexeme is a combination of two concepts: "the lower surface of a container" and "the lower part of any solid object as opposed to its upper part", which is of key importance for the semantic differentiation of phrases such as at the bottom of the lake and at the bottom of the page. The results of the study also suggest that, unlike phrases with the preposition on, phrases with at – at the bottom – describe the location of an object not as a flat surface of the bottom, but as a space adjacent to it. A similar picture is conveyed by the preposition in – in the bottom, when in the mind of the speaker the bottom is completed to a sphere with lower and lateral surfaces. The data of this study suggest that the spatial semantics of language is largely determined by the anthropocentric model of conceptualization of reality, which once again confirms the idea that language reflects not so much the real state of things in the world as how this world is perceived by humans.

The present study explores the effects of Arabic L1 tonal/prosodic properties on the production of English word stress produced by speakers of English as a foreign language (hereafter, EFL) with Arabic as L1. Due to its non-fixed stress system and dependency on tonal variation and pitch, the allocation of stress on English words can cause difficulty for Arabic speakers when they become English learners as English stress is fixed and has a major role both in hidden meaning and structure of a sentence, meaning that if not all stress is put in the correct part of a word, the meaning becomes lost or irreparably changed. The study indicates systematic errors in stress placement for English words – especially multisyllabic – and investigates how L1 interference occurs in the English pronunciation of these learners. The study illustrates the challenges to intelligibility and fluency in the speech of Arabic speakers learning English, by analyzing the transfer of Arabic tonal patterns (e.g., flat pitch contours, even stress distribution). The major conclusions highlight the needs for targeted instruction for identification and correction of L1 interference (specifically in both the vowel-stress placement and pitch) and it provides information for better methods of EAFL instruction to this group of students.

The aim of the article is to reveal the role of Italian insertions in the Englishlanguage tourism discourse. The study was based on the text of the book by L. Artusi “Experience Florence”, which is a guide to Florence. The relevance of the study is due to the stable social interest in intercultural communication in the field of tourism and linguistic interest in the language organization of texts serving the tourism industry. At the present stage, linguistics still needs to study interlingual interaction, as well as the means of giving originality, authenticity, and reliability to the text. The importance of the functioning of Italian proper names, the use of quotations in Italian and other insertions to describe city attractions, create the atmosphere, and ensure accessibility for a potential recipient of the text is emphasized. The key research methods were those of semantic and contextual analysis, and the descriptive method. The article describes the functioning of anthroponyms and urbanonyms, including names of streets, museums, squares, bridges, etc. The inclusion of Italian quotations, inscriptions on monuments, etc. is analyzed. Italian proper names are positioned as meaning-forming elements of the text. Examples from the text under study are presented, which illustrates the functioning of Italian-language elements used to convey concepts that are significant from the point of view of the informational and communicative functions of the guidebook as a genre of tourism discourse.

The representation of the linguistic concept of Maslenitsa in AI-generated texts is examined through its value, figurative, and cognitive dimensions. Maslenitsa, as a significant linguistic and cultural construct, serves as an effective instrument for elucidating the characteristics of concept formation in texts produced by neural networks. The objective of this study is to analyze the various components of the linguistic and cultural concept of "Maslenitsa" within neuralgenerated texts. This article examines the cultural and valued aspects (such as identification, unity, family, kindness), the figurative and symbolic elements (including blins, scarecrows, folk festivals, troikas, and sleigh rides), and the cognitive dimensions (comprising holiday, enjoyment, tradition, memory, seasonal changes, cyclical nature of life and social interactions) associated with the concept. A comparative analysis is conducted between its manifestations in folk speech and the data derived from the Russian National Corpus, the Tomsk dialect corpus, and recordings of Western Transbaikalia. The article further discusses characteristics and interpretations that diverge from conventional understandings of the holiday, while emphasizing the continuity of its core concepts amid the processes of desacralization and derivation of the Maslenitsa tradition. It investigates the semantic expansion surrounding the concept, exemplified by the symbolism attributed to blins as representations of labor and love, as well as the burning of effigies signifying mutual support. The study additionally uncovers significant distortions in the interpretation of traditional symbols, such as the perception of blins as "sun pobryakushka" and scarecrows as "matryoshka," which stem from stereotypes embedded in LLM at various levels of conceptual structure.

This study focuses on the process of verbal intensification of evaluation in the terminologization of one of the key criteria of the axiological space – “quality” – in academic institutional discourse. The article discusses both individual and institutional aspects related to the evaluation of scientific research. Based on the analysis of micro-contexts of various documents aimed at the conventionalization of objective evaluation, the pragmatic potential of terminologization is determined in the process of creating unified criteria and scalar standardization in the academic discourse of assessing the scientist's activity. The empirical material was provided by three evaluation documents used for expert assessment of the quality of scientific research, namely: the review of the thesis and the review of the master's thesis in Russian and the review of the article in English. The author concludes that the obligatory semantic-intensified binding of evaluative and estimative elements and the additional conventionalization of episodic-subjective components of quality assessment on the basis of argumentation are necessary in order to create a clear system of definitions, indicators, and metrics that reflect the multilevel field of quality in various academic assessment texts. The results of the work emphasize the importance of implementing standard quality criteria, which can improve the overall performance of scientific work.

The article analyzes structural and semantic features of nosological terms in English and Russian. The models for constructing terminological units are characterized and the types of pathological conditions in humans for which nosological terms are used are identified. The study revealed similarities and patterns in the construction of nosological terms in English and Russian: a predominance of phrase terms and of two-component phrase terms. The structural difference between nosological terms in English and Russian is that English terms typically combine two nouns, while Russian terms combine an adjective and a noun, which is related to the grammatical norms of the languages. The analysis of the semantics of nosological terms in English and Russian revealed similarities in the patterns of meaning they express: disease and syndrome nominations play a key role non-metaphorical terms versus metaphorical ones.

The modern language is characterized by rapid changes in the vocabulary, structure and functioning of linguistic units, in particular, the emergence of numerous contextual transformations. The novelty of the research lies in the systematization of the types of occasional phraseological repetition in English and Russian, taking into account the number of repeated components, functions and the location of repetition in the text. The purpose of the study is to identify the ways of formation and functioning of occasional phraseological repetition in English and Russian. The research material consists of phraseological units that have undergone occasional changes in the form of phraseological repetition taken from contemporary literature. The research methods include the contextual analysis method, the continuous sampling method, the comparative method, the methods of phraseological identification and phraseological description. The paper examines three types of phraseological repetition (full, partial and synonymous), reveals the prevalence of partial repetition in the remote form, the use of the repeated component in the direct meaning, creation of an extended metaphor in combination with substitution in both languages, the presence of syntactic parallelism in English, the prepositive arrangement of the repeating component in Russian, the postpositive one in English.

The research work is devoted to the analysis of the articles on Artificial Intelligence (AI). The aim of work is the identification of AI representations in British online edition of the Guardian in 2024. 478 articles were selected by the method of continuous sampling. This topic is extremely popular and affects different aspects of live. Great Britain is one of the world leaders in the field of AI and pays much attention to the development and integration of projects based on AI. The research showed that all the articles may be conditionally classified into the following categories: social sphere, industry, technology, business, government, economy, law, science, art and culture. A publicistic text realizes the function of influence, of providing information and propaganda, shapes public opinion. It is fully referred to questions connected with engineering, development and implementation of AI in various sectors of economy. Assessment of applications based on AI is very controversial. The perspectives of use of innovative technologies that, at first glance, may seem positive, have negative effect. The study of newspaper articles allows to get an objective view of possibilities and roles of AI in a modern British society and in the whole world.

This study is dedicated to the linguocultural description and contrastive analysis of the emotive concept “joy” in Russian and Chinese linguistic worldviews, with particular emphasis on phraseological units. Although universal for both linguistic cultures, this concept also possesses unique ethnospecific features. The concept serves as a concentrated expression of national culture and simultaneously acts as a key tool for its understanding. Emotions, being an integral part of human life, are not only experienced but also comprehended, which finds direct reflection in the language of a people, just like other cultural phenomena. The aim of this work is to reveal these peculiarities through cross-cultural comparison, thereby contributing to a more distinct explication of ethnic mentality and its identity markers. Based on the inextricable link between the concept of joy and its linguistic representation, the analysis, relying on lexicographic material from Russian and Chinese languages, not only enriches our understanding of the content of the concept “joy,” but also reveals culturally determined differences in lifestyle and spiritual universe among the compared peoples.

Interest in political events, statesmen, and their linguistic behaviors is gaining increasing significance in society. This article examines emotionally colored lexical characteristics in the speeches of Russian politicians, particularly S. Lavrov, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and V. Shuvaev, former ambassador to the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria.

The theoretical significance of this article lies in the development of a linguistic mechanism for the study of emotions in Russian political discourse.

The article focuses on evaluative, expressive, and figurative categories as the actualizers of emotivity. The evaluative category is realized through lexicon with positive and negative connotations, introductory words, euphemisms, and dysphemisms. The expressive category is represented by elevated style lexicon and spoken language, as well as slang. The figurative category predominantly includes figurative means, specifically epithets, metaphors, and metonymy. An important idea is that the speaker's palette of emotions is created by the intensity of the "portions" of the implemented linguistic means.